Flow layout and writing modes

The CSS 2.1 specification, which details how normal flow behaves, assumes a horizontal writing mode. Layout properties should work in the same way in vertical writing modes. In this guide, we look at how flow layout behaves when used with different document writing modes.

This is not a comprehensive guide to the use of writing modes in CSS, the aim here is to document the areas where flow layout interacts with writing modes in possibly unanticipated ways. The See also section provides links to more writing modes resources.

Writing modes specification

The CSS Writing Modes Level 3 Specification defines the impact a change the document writing mode has on flow layout. In the writing modes introduction, the specification says,

"A writing mode in CSS is determined by the writing-mode, direction, and text-orientation properties. It is defined primarily in terms of its inline base direction and block flow direction."

The specification defines the inline base direction as the direction in which content is ordered on a line. This defines the start and end of the inline direction. The start is where sentences start and the end is where a line of text ends before it would begin to wrap onto a new line.

The block flow direction is the direction in which boxes, for example paragraphs, stack in that writing mode. The CSS writing-mode property controls the block flow direction. If you want to change your page, or part of your page, to vertical-lr then you can set writing-mode: vertical-lr on the element and this will change the direction of the blocks and therefore the inline direction as well.

While certain languages will use a particular writing mode or text direction, we can also use these properties for creative effect, such as running a heading vertically.

html
<div class="box">
  <h1>A heading</h1>
  <p>
    One November night in the year 1782, so the story runs, two brothers sat
    over their winter fire in the little French town of Annonay, watching the
    grey smoke-wreaths from the hearth curl up the wide chimney. Their names
    were Stephen and Joseph Montgolfier, they were papermakers by trade, and
    were noted as possessing thoughtful minds and a deep interest in all
    scientific knowledge and new discovery.
  </p>
</div>
css
body {
  font: 1.2em sans-serif;
}
h1 {
  writing-mode: vertical-lr;
  float: left;
}

Block flow direction

The writing-mode property accepts the values horizontal-tb, vertical-rl and vertical-lr. These values control the direction that blocks flow on the page. The initial value is horizontal-tb, which is a top to bottom block flow direction with a horizontal inline direction. Left to right languages, such as English, and Right to left languages, such as Arabic, are all horizontal-tb.

The following example shows blocks using the initial horizontal-tb value explicitly:

html
<div class="box">
  <p>
    One November night in the year 1782, so the story runs, two brothers sat
    over their winter fire in the little French town of Annonay, watching the
    grey smoke-wreaths from the hearth curl up the wide chimney. Their names
    were Stephen and Joseph Montgolfier, they were papermakers by trade, and
    were noted as possessing thoughtful minds and a deep interest in all
    scientific knowledge and new discovery.
  </p>
  <p>
    Before that night—a memorable night, as it was to prove—hundreds of millions
    of people had watched the rising smoke-wreaths of their fires without
    drawing any special inspiration from the fact.
  </p>
</div>
css
body {
  font: 1.2em sans-serif;
}
.box {
  writing-mode: horizontal-tb;
}

Compare this with the value vertical-rl, which gives you a right-to-left block flow direction with a vertical inline direction, as shown in the next example.

css
body {
  font: 1.2em sans-serif;
}
.box {
  writing-mode: vertical-rl;
}

The final example demonstrates the third possible value for writing-mode — vertical-lr. This gives you a left-to-right block flow direction and a vertical inline direction.

css
body {
  font: 1.2em sans-serif;
}
.box {
  writing-mode: vertical-lr;
}

Nested writing modes

When a nested box is assigned a different writing mode to its parent, then an inline level box will display as if it has display: inline-block.

html
<div class="box">
  <p>
    One <span>November</span> night in the year 1782, so the story runs, two
    brothers sat over their winter fire in the little French town of Annonay,
    watching the grey smoke-wreaths from the hearth curl up the wide chimney.
    Their names were Stephen and Joseph Montgolfier, they were papermakers by
    trade, and were noted as possessing thoughtful minds and a deep interest in
    all scientific knowledge and new discovery.
  </p>
</div>
css
body {
  font: 1.2em sans-serif;
}
.box {
  writing-mode: vertical-rl;
}
.box span {
  writing-mode: horizontal-tb;
  padding: 10px;
  border: 1px solid rebeccapurple;
}

A block-level box will establish a new block formatting context, meaning that if its inner display type would be flow, it will get a computed display type of flow-root. This is shown in the next example where the box which displays as horizontal-tb contains a float which is contained due to its parent establishing a new BFC.

html
<div class="box">
  <p>
    One November night in the year 1782, so the story runs, two brothers sat
    over their winter fire in the little French town of Annonay, watching the
    grey smoke-wreaths from the hearth curl up the wide chimney.
  </p>

  <div>
    <div class="float"></div>
    This box should establish a new BFC.
  </div>

  <p>
    Their names were Stephen and Joseph Montgolfier, they were papermakers by
    trade, and were noted as possessing thoughtful minds and a deep interest in
    all scientific knowledge and new discovery.
  </p>
</div>
css
body {
  font: 1.2em sans-serif;
}
.box {
  writing-mode: vertical-rl;
}
.box > div {
  writing-mode: horizontal-tb;
  padding: 10px;
  border: 1px solid rebeccapurple;
}
.float {
  width: 100px;
  height: 150px;
  background-color: rebeccapurple;
  float: left;
}

Replaced elements

Replaced elements such as images will not change their orientation based on the writing-mode property. However, replaced elements such as form controls which include text, should match the writing mode in use.

html
<div class="box">
  <p>
    One November night in the year 1782, so the story runs, two brothers sat
    over their winter fire in the little French town of Annonay, watching the
    grey smoke-wreaths from the hearth curl up the wide chimney.
  </p>

  <img
    alt="a colorful hot air balloon against a clear sky"
    src="https://mdn.github.io/shared-assets/images/examples/balloon.jpg" />

  <p>
    Their names were Stephen and Joseph Montgolfier, they were papermakers by
    trade, and were noted as possessing thoughtful minds and a deep interest in
    all scientific knowledge and new discovery.
  </p>
</div>
css
body {
  font: 1.2em sans-serif;
}
.box {
  writing-mode: vertical-rl;
}

Logical properties and values

Once you are working in writing modes other than horizontal-tb many of the properties and values that are mapped to the physical dimensions of the screen seem strange. For example, if you give a box a width of 100px, in horizontal-tb that would control the size in the inline direction. In vertical-lr it controls the size in the block direction because it does not rotate with the text.

html
<div class="box">
  <div class="box1">Box 1</div>
  <div class="box2">Box 2</div>
</div>
css
body {
  font: 1.2em sans-serif;
}
.box1 {
  writing-mode: horizontal-tb;
  border: 5px solid rebeccapurple;
  width: 100px;
  margin: 10px;
}
.box2 {
  writing-mode: vertical-lr;
  border: 5px solid rebeccapurple;
  width: 100px;
  margin: 10px;
}

Therefore, we have new properties of block-size and inline-size. If we give our block an inline-size of 100px, it doesn't matter whether we are in a horizontal or a vertical writing mode, inline-size will always mean the size in the inline direction.

html
<div class="box">
  <div class="box1">Box 1</div>
  <div class="box2">Box 2</div>
</div>
css
body {
  font: 1.2em sans-serif;
}
.box1 {
  writing-mode: horizontal-tb;
  border: 5px solid rebeccapurple;
  inline-size: 100px;
  margin: 10px;
}
.box2 {
  writing-mode: vertical-lr;
  border: 5px solid rebeccapurple;
  inline-size: 100px;
  margin: 10px;
}

The CSS logical properties and values module includes logical versions of the properties that control margins, padding and borders as well as other mappings for things that we have typically used physical directions to specify.

Summary

In most cases, flow layout works as you would expect it to when changing the writing mode of the document or parts of the document. This can be used to properly typeset vertical languages or for creative reasons. CSS is making this easier by way of introducing logical properties and values so that when working in a vertical writing mode sizing can be based on element's inline and block size. This will be useful when creating components which can work in different writing-modes.

See also