content-visibility
Baseline 2024
Newly available
Since September 2024, this feature works across the latest devices and browser versions. This feature might not work in older devices or browsers.
The content-visibility
CSS property controls whether or not an element renders its contents at all, along with forcing a strong set of containments, allowing user agents to potentially omit large swathes of layout and rendering work until it becomes needed. It enables the user agent to skip an element's rendering work (including layout and painting) until it is needed — which makes the initial page load much faster.
Note: The contentvisibilityautostatechange
event fires on any element with content-visibility: auto
set on it when its rendering work starts or stops being skipped. This provides a convenient way for an app's code to start or stop rendering processes (e.g. drawing on a <canvas>
) when they are not needed, thereby conserving processing power.
Try it
Syntax
/* Keyword values */
content-visibility: visible;
content-visibility: hidden;
content-visibility: auto;
/* Global values */
content-visibility: inherit;
content-visibility: initial;
content-visibility: revert;
content-visibility: revert-layer;
content-visibility: unset;
Values
visible
-
No effect. The element's contents are laid out and rendered as normal.
-
The element skips its contents. The skipped contents must not be accessible to user-agent features, such as find-in-page, tab-order navigation, etc., nor be selectable or focusable. This is similar to giving the contents
display: none
. auto
-
The element turns on layout containment, style containment, and paint containment. If the element is not relevant to the user, it also skips its contents. Unlike hidden, the skipped contents must still be available as normal to user-agent features such as find-in-page, tab order navigation, etc., and must be focusable and selectable as normal.
Description
Animating and transitioning content-visibility
Supporting browsers animate/transition content-visibility
with a variation on the discrete animation type.
Discrete animation generally means that the property will flip between two values 50% of the way through the animation. In the case of content-visibility
, however, the browser will flip between the two values to show the animated content for the entire animation duration. So, for example:
- When animating
content-visibility
fromhidden
tovisible
, the value will flip tovisible
at0%
of the animation duration so it is visible throughout. - When animating
content-visibility
fromvisible
tohidden
, the value will flip tohidden
at100%
of the animation duration so it is visible throughout.
This behavior is useful for creating entry/exit animations where you want to, for example, remove some content from the DOM with content-visibility: hidden
, but you want a smooth transition (such as a fade-out) rather than it disappearing immediately.
When animating content-visibility
with CSS transitions, transition-behavior: allow-discrete
needs to be set on content-visibility
. This effectively enables content-visibility
transitions.
Note: When transitioning an element's content-visibility
value, you don't need to provide a set of starting values for transitioned properties using a @starting-style
block, like you do when transitioning display
. This is because content-visibility
doesn't hide an element from the DOM like display
does: it just skips rendering the element's content.
Formal definition
Initial value | visible |
---|---|
Applies to | elements for which size containment can apply |
Inherited | no |
Computed value | as specified |
Animation type | Discrete behavior except when animating to or from hidden is visible for the entire duration |
Formal syntax
Accessibility
Off-screen content within a content-visibility: auto
property remains in the document object model and the accessibility tree. This allows improving page performance with content-visibility: auto
without negatively impacting accessibility.
Since styles for off-screen content are not rendered, elements intentionally hidden with display: none
or visibility: hidden
will still appear in the accessibility tree.
If you don't want an element to appear in the accessibility tree, use aria-hidden="true"
.
Examples
Using auto to reduce rendering cost of long pages
The following example shows the use of content-visibility: auto
to skip painting and rendering of off-screen sections.
When a section
is out of the viewport then the painting of the content is skipped until the section comes close to the viewport, this helps with both load and interactions on the page.
HTML
<section>
<!-- Content for each section… -->
</section>
<section>
<!-- Content for each section… -->
</section>
<section>
<!-- Content for each section… -->
</section>
<!-- … -->
CSS
The contain-intrinsic-size
property adds a default size of 500px to the height and width of each section
element. After a section is rendered, it will retain its rendered intrinsic size, even when it is scrolled out of the viewport.
section {
content-visibility: auto;
contain-intrinsic-size: auto 500px;
}
Using hidden to manage visibility
The following example shows how to manage content visibility with JavaScript.
Using content-visibility: hidden;
instead of display: none;
preserves the rendering state of content when hidden and rendering is faster.
HTML
<div class="hidden">
<button class="toggle">Show</button>
<p>
This content is initially hidden and can be shown by clicking the button.
</p>
</div>
<div class="visible">
<button class="toggle">Hide</button>
<p>
This content is initially visible and can be hidden by clicking the button.
</p>
</div>
CSS
The content-visibility
property is set on paragraphs that are direct children of elements with the visible
and hidden
classes. In our example, we can show and hide content in paragraphs depending on the CSS class of parent div elements.
The contain-intrinsic-size
property is included to represent the content size. This helps to reduce layout shift when content is hidden.
p {
contain-intrinsic-size: 0 1.1em;
border: dotted 2px;
}
.hidden > p {
content-visibility: hidden;
}
.visible > p {
content-visibility: visible;
}
JavaScript
const handleClick = (event) => {
const button = event.target;
const div = button.parentElement;
button.textContent = div.classList.contains("visible") ? "Show" : "Hide";
div.classList.toggle("hidden");
div.classList.toggle("visible");
};
document.querySelectorAll("button.toggle").forEach((button) => {
button.addEventListener("click", handleClick);
});
Result
Animating content-visibility
In this example, we have a <div>
element, the content of which can be toggled between shown and hidden by clicking or pressing any key.
HTML
<p>
Click anywhere on the screen or press any key to toggle the
<code><div></code> content between hidden and showing.
</p>
<div>
This is a <code><div></code> element that animates between
<code>content-visibility: hidden;</code>and
<code>content-visibility: visible;</code>. We've also animated the text color
to create a smooth animation effect.
</div>
CSS
In the CSS we initially set content-visibility: hidden;
on the <div>
to hide its content. We then set up @keyframe
animations and attach them to classes to show and hide the <div>
, animating content-visibility
and color
so that you get a smooth animation effect as the content is shown/hidden.
div {
font-size: 1.6rem;
padding: 20px;
border: 3px solid red;
border-radius: 20px;
width: 480px;
content-visibility: hidden;
}
/* Animation classes */
.show {
animation: show 0.7s ease-in forwards;
}
.hide {
animation: hide 0.7s ease-out forwards;
}
/* Animation keyframes */
@keyframes show {
0% {
content-visibility: hidden;
color: rgb(0 0 0 / 0%);
}
100% {
content-visibility: visible;
color: rgb(0 0 0 / 100%);
}
}
@keyframes hide {
0% {
content-visibility: visible;
color: rgb(0 0 0 / 100%);
}
100% {
content-visibility: hidden;
color: rgb(0 0 0 / 0%);
}
}
JavaScript
Finally, we use JavaScript to apply the .show
and .hide
classes to the <div>
as appropriate to apply the animations as it is toggled between shown and hidden states.
const divElem = document.querySelector("div");
const htmlElem = document.querySelector(":root");
htmlElem.addEventListener("click", showHide);
document.addEventListener("keydown", showHide);
function showHide() {
if (divElem.classList[0] === "show") {
divElem.classList.remove("show");
divElem.classList.add("hide");
} else {
divElem.classList.remove("hide");
divElem.classList.add("show");
}
}
Result
The rendered result looks like this:
Specifications
Specification |
---|
CSS Containment Module Level 2 # content-visibility |
Browser compatibility
BCD tables only load in the browser