writing-mode
Baseline Widely available
This feature is well established and works across many devices and browser versions. It’s been available across browsers since March 2017.
The writing-mode
CSS property sets whether lines of text are laid out horizontally or vertically, as well as the direction in which blocks progress. When set for an entire document, it should be set on the root element (html
element for HTML documents).
Try it
This property specifies the block flow direction, which is the direction in which block-level containers are stacked, and the direction in which inline-level content flows within a block container. Thus, it also determines the ordering of block-level content.
Syntax
/* Keyword values */
writing-mode: horizontal-tb;
writing-mode: vertical-rl;
writing-mode: vertical-lr;
/* Global values */
writing-mode: inherit;
writing-mode: initial;
writing-mode: revert;
writing-mode: revert-layer;
writing-mode: unset;
The writing-mode
property is specified as one of the values listed below. The flow direction in horizontal scripts is also affected by the directionality of that script, either left-to-right (ltr
, like English and most other languages) or right-to-left (rtl
, like Hebrew or Arabic).
Values
horizontal-tb
-
For
ltr
scripts, content flows horizontally from left to right. Forrtl
scripts, content flows horizontally from right to left. The next horizontal line is positioned below the previous line. vertical-rl
-
For
ltr
scripts, content flows vertically from top to bottom, and the next vertical line is positioned to the left of the previous line. Forrtl
scripts, content flows vertically from bottom to top, and the next vertical line is positioned to the right of the previous line. vertical-lr
-
For
ltr
scripts, content flows vertically from top to bottom, and the next vertical line is positioned to the right of the previous line. Forrtl
scripts, content flows vertically from bottom to top, and the next vertical line is positioned to the left of the previous line. sideways-rl
-
For
ltr
scripts, content flows vertically from top to bottom. Forrtl
scripts, content flows vertically from bottom to top. All the glyphs, even those in vertical scripts, are set sideways toward the right. sideways-lr
-
For
ltr
scripts, content flows vertically from bottom to top. Forrtl
scripts, content flows vertically from top to bottom. All the glyphs, even those in vertical scripts, are set sideways toward the left. lr
-
Deprecated except for SVG1 documents. For CSS, use
horizontal-tb
instead. lr-tb
-
Deprecated except for SVG1 documents. For CSS, use
horizontal-tb
instead. rl
-
Deprecated except for SVG1 documents. For CSS, use
horizontal-tb
instead. tb
-
Deprecated except for SVG1 documents. For CSS, use
vertical-lr
instead. tb-lr
-
Deprecated except for SVG1 documents. For CSS, use
vertical-lr
instead. tb-rl
-
Deprecated except for SVG1 documents. For CSS, use
vertical-rl
instead.
Formal definition
Initial value | horizontal-tb |
---|---|
Applies to | all elements except table row groups, table column groups, table rows, and table columns |
Inherited | yes |
Computed value | as specified |
Animation type | Not animatable |
Formal syntax
Examples
Using multiple writing modes
This example demonstrates all of the writing modes, showing each with text in various languages.
HTML
The HTML is a <table>
with each writing mode in a row with a column showing text in various scripts using that writing mode.
<table>
<caption>
Using multiple writing modes
</caption>
<tr>
<th>Value</th>
<th>Vertical script</th>
<th>Horizontal (LTR) script</th>
<th>Horizontal (RTL) script</th>
<th>Mixed script</th>
</tr>
<tr class="text1">
<th>horizontal-tb</th>
<td>我家没有电脑。</td>
<td>Example text</td>
<td>מלל ארוך לדוגמא</td>
<td>1994年に至っては</td>
</tr>
<tr class="text2">
<th>vertical-lr</th>
<td>我家没有电脑。</td>
<td>Example text</td>
<td>מלל ארוך לדוגמא</td>
<td>1994年に至っては</td>
</tr>
<tr class="text3">
<th>vertical-rl</th>
<td>我家没有电脑。</td>
<td>Example text</td>
<td>מלל ארוך לדוגמא</td>
<td>1994年に至っては</td>
</tr>
<tr class="experimental text4">
<th>sideways-lr</th>
<td>我家没有电脑。</td>
<td>Example text</td>
<td>מלל ארוך לדוגמא</td>
<td>1994年に至っては</td>
</tr>
<tr class="experimental text5">
<th>sideways-rl</th>
<td>我家没有电脑。</td>
<td>Example text</td>
<td>מלל ארוך לדוגמא</td>
<td>1994年に至っては</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class="notice">
Your browser does not support the <code>sideways-lr</code> or
<code>sideways-rl</code> values.
</p>
CSS
The CSS that adjusts the directionality of the content looks like this:
.text1 td {
writing-mode: horizontal-tb;
}
.text2 td {
writing-mode: vertical-lr;
}
.text3 td {
writing-mode: vertical-rl;
}
.text4 td {
writing-mode: sideways-lr;
}
.text5 td {
writing-mode: sideways-rl;
}
Result
Using writing-mode with transforms
If your browser doesn't support sideways-lr
, a workaround is to use transform
to achieve a similar effect depending on the script direction.
The effect of vertical-rl
is the same as with sideways-lr
, so no transformation is required for left-to-right scripts.
In some cases, rotating the text 180 degrees is sufficient to achieve the effect of sideways-lr
, but font glyphs may not be designed to be rotated, so this may produce unexpected positioning or rendering.
HTML
<table>
<caption>
Using writing-mode with transforms
</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Vertical LR</th>
<th>Vertical LR with transform</th>
<th>Sideways LR</th>
<th>Only rotate</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<span class="vertical-lr">我家没有电脑。</span>
<span class="vertical-lr">Example text</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="vertical-lr rotated">我家没有电脑。</span>
<span class="vertical-lr rotated">Example text</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="sideways-lr">我家没有电脑。</span>
<span class="sideways-lr">Example text</span>
</td>
<td>
<span class="only-rotate">我家没有电脑。</span>
<span class="only-rotate">Example text</span>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
CSS
.vertical-lr {
writing-mode: vertical-lr;
}
.rotated {
transform: rotate(180deg);
}
.sideways-lr {
writing-mode: sideways-lr;
}
.only-rotate {
inline-size: fit-content;
transform: rotate(-90deg);
}
Result
Specifications
Specification |
---|
CSS Writing Modes Level 4 # block-flow |
Browser compatibility
BCD tables only load in the browser