WWW-Authenticate

At least one challenge must be specified. Multiple challenges may be specified, comma-separated, in a single header, or in individual headers:

// Challenges specified in single header
WWW-Authenticate: challenge1, ..., challengeN

// Challenges specified in multiple headers
WWW-Authenticate: challenge1
...
WWW-Authenticate: challengeN

A single challenge has the following format. Note that the scheme token (<auth-scheme>) is mandatory. The presence of realm, token68 and any other parameters depends on the definition of the selected scheme.

// Possible challenge formats (scheme dependent)
WWW-Authenticate: <auth-scheme>
WWW-Authenticate: <auth-scheme> realm=<realm>
WWW-Authenticate: <auth-scheme> token68
WWW-Authenticate: <auth-scheme> auth-param1=token1, ..., auth-paramN=auth-paramN-token
WWW-Authenticate: <auth-scheme> realm=<realm> token68
WWW-Authenticate: <auth-scheme> realm=<realm> token68 auth-param1=auth-param1-token , ..., auth-paramN=auth-paramN-token
WWW-Authenticate: <auth-scheme> realm=<realm> auth-param1=auth-param1-token, ..., auth-paramN=auth-paramN-token
WWW-Authenticate: <auth-scheme> token68 auth-param1=auth-param1-token, ..., auth-paramN=auth-paramN-token

For example, Basic authentication requires realm and allows for optional use of charset key, but does not support token68.

WWW-Authenticate: Basic realm=<realm>
WWW-Authenticate: Basic realm=<realm>, charset="UTF-8"

<auth-scheme>

The Authentication scheme. Some of the more common types are (case-insensitive): Basic, Digest, Negotiate and AWS4-HMAC-SHA256.

Note: For more information/options see HTTP Authentication > Authentication schemes

<realm> Optional

A string describing a protected area. A realm allows a server to partition up the areas it protects (if supported by a scheme that allows such partitioning). Some clients show this value to the user to inform them about which particular credentials are required — though most browsers stopped doing so to counter phishing. The only reliably supported character set for this value is us-ascii. If no realm is specified, clients often display a formatted hostname instead.

<token68> Optional

A token that may be useful for some schemes. The token allows the 66 unreserved URI characters plus a few others. According to the specification, it can hold a base64, base64url, base32, or base16 (hex) encoding, with or without padding, but excluding whitespace.

Other than <auth-scheme> and the key realm, authorization parameters are specific to each authentication scheme. Generally you will need to check the relevant specifications for these (keys for a small subset of schemes are listed below).

<realm>

As above. Note that the realm is mandatory for basic authentication.

charset="UTF-8" Optional

Tells the client the server's preferred encoding scheme when submitting a username and password. The only allowed value is the case-insensitive string "UTF-8". This does not relate to the encoding of the realm string.

<realm> Optional

String indicating which username/password to use. Minimally should include the host name, but might indicate the users or group that have access.

domain Optional

A quoted, space-separated list of URI prefixes that define all the locations where the authentication information may be used. If this key is not specified then the authentication information may be used anywhere on the web root.

nonce

A server-specified quoted string that the server can use to control the lifetime in which particular credentials will be considered valid. This must be uniquely generated each time a 401 response is made, and may be regenerated more often (for example, allowing a digest to be used only once). The specification contains advice on possible algorithms for generating this value. The nonce value is opaque to the client.

opaque

A server-specified quoted string that should be returned unchanged in the Authorization. This is opaque to the client. The server is recommended to include Base64 or hexadecimal data.

stale Optional

A case-insensitive flag indicating that the previous request from the client was rejected because the nonce used is too old (stale). If this is true the request can be re-tried using the same username/password encrypted using the new nonce. If it is any other value then the username/password are invalid and must be re-requested from the user.

algorithm Optional

Algorithm used to produce the digest. Valid non-session values are: "MD5" (default if not specified), "SHA-256", "SHA-512". Valid session values are: "MD5-sess", "SHA-256-sess", "SHA-512-sess".

qop

Quoted string indicating the quality of protection supported by the server. This must be supplied, and unrecognized options must be ignored.

• "auth": Authentication
• "auth-int": Authentication with integrity protection

charset="UTF-8" Optional

Tells the client the server's preferred encoding scheme when submitting a username and password. The only allowed value is the case-insensitive string "UTF-8".

userhash Optional

A server may specify "true" to indicate that it supports username hashing (default is "false")

<challenge>

A set of pairs in the format of '<len>:<value>' concatenated together to be given to a client. The challenge is made of up a nonce, algorithm, origin, realm, key identifier, and the challenge.

<max-age>

The number of seconds from the time the HTTP response is emitted for which responses to this challenge can be accepted.

realm Optional

As above in the directives section.

A server that only supports basic authentication might have a WWW-Authenticate response header which looks like this:

WWW-Authenticate: Basic realm="Access to the staging site", charset="UTF-8"

A user-agent receiving this header would first prompt the user for their username and password, and then re-request the resource: this time including the (encoded) credentials in the Authorization header. The Authorization header might look like this:

Authorization: Basic YWxhZGRpbjpvcGVuc2VzYW1l

For "Basic" authentication the credentials are constructed by first combining the username and the password with a colon (aladdin:opensesame), and then by encoding the resulting string in base64 (YWxhZGRpbjpvcGVuc2VzYW1l).

The client attempts to access a document at URI http://www.example.org/dir/index.html that is protected via digest authentication. The username for this document is "Mufasa" and the password is "Circle of Life" (note the single space between each of the words).

The first time the client requests the document, no Authorization header field is sent. Here the server responds with an HTTP 401 message that includes a challenge for each digest algorithm it supports, in its order of preference (SHA256 and then MD5)

HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized
WWW-Authenticate: Digest
    realm="http-auth@example.org",
    qop="auth, auth-int",
    algorithm=SHA-256,
    nonce="7ypf/xlj9XXwfDPEoM4URrv/xwf94BcCAzFZH4GiTo0v",
    opaque="FQhe/qaU925kfnzjCev0ciny7QMkPqMAFRtzCUYo5tdS"
WWW-Authenticate: Digest
    realm="http-auth@example.org",
    qop="auth, auth-int",
    algorithm=MD5,
    nonce="7ypf/xlj9XXwfDPEoM4URrv/xwf94BcCAzFZH4GiTo0v",
    opaque="FQhe/qaU925kfnzjCev0ciny7QMkPqMAFRtzCUYo5tdS"

The client prompts the user for their username and password, and then responds with a new request that encodes the credentials in the Authorization header field. If the client chose the MD5 digest the Authorization header field might look as shown below:

Authorization: Digest username="Mufasa",
    realm="http-auth@example.org",
    uri="/dir/index.html",
    algorithm=MD5,
    nonce="7ypf/xlj9XXwfDPEoM4URrv/xwf94BcCAzFZH4GiTo0v",
    nc=00000001,
    cnonce="f2/wE4q74E6zIJEtWaHKaf5wv/H5QzzpXusqGemxURZJ",
    qop=auth,
    response="8ca523f5e9506fed4657c9700eebdbec",
    opaque="FQhe/qaU925kfnzjCev0ciny7QMkPqMAFRtzCUYo5tdS"

If the client chose the SHA-256 digest the Authorization header field might look as shown below:

Authorization: Digest username="Mufasa",
    realm="http-auth@example.org",
    uri="/dir/index.html",
    algorithm=SHA-256,
    nonce="7ypf/xlj9XXwfDPEoM4URrv/xwf94BcCAzFZH4GiTo0v",
    nc=00000001,
    cnonce="f2/wE4q74E6zIJEtWaHKaf5wv/H5QzzpXusqGemxURZJ",
    qop=auth,
    response="753927fa0e85d155564e2e272a28d1802ca10daf449
        6794697cf8db5856cb6c1",
    opaque="FQhe/qaU925kfnzjCev0ciny7QMkPqMAFRtzCUYo5tdS"

A server that supports HOBA authentication might have a WWW-Authenticate response header which looks like this:

WWW-Authenticate: HOBA max-age="180", challenge="16:MTEyMzEyMzEyMw==1:028:https://www.example.com:80800:3:MTI48:NjgxNDdjOTctNDYxYi00MzEwLWJlOWItNGM3MDcyMzdhYjUz"

The to-be-signed blob challenge is made from these parts: www.example.com using port 8080, the nonce is '1123123123', the algorithm for signing is RSA-SHA256, the key identifier is 123, and finally the challenge is '68147c97-461b-4310-be9b-4c707237ab53'.

A client would receive this header, extract the challenge, sign it with their private key that corresponds to key identifier 123 in our example using RSA-SHA256, and then send the result in the Authorization header as a dot-separated key id, challenge, nonce, and signature.

Authorization: 123.16:MTEyMzEyMzEyMw==1:028:https://www.example.com:80800:3:MTI48:NjgxNDdjOTctNDYxYi00MzEwLWJlOWItNGM3MDcyMzdhYjUz.1123123123.<signature-of-challenge>

• HTTP authentication
• Authorization
• Proxy-Authorization
• Proxy-Authenticate
• 401, 403, 407